Word Frequency Dictionary & Sorted Occurrence Ranking Dictionary for Generic Item Quantification and other Statistical Analyses

Taking a little inspiration from DotNetPerl's MultiMap, I created a generic class that uses a Dictionary under the hood to create a keyed collection that tracks the re-occurrences or frequency matching or duplicate items of arbitrary type. For lack of a better name, I call it a FrequencyDicionary. Instead of Key/Value pairs, the FrequencyDictionary has the notion of a Item/Frequency pair, with the key being the Item. I strayed from Key/Value because I may ultimately end up calling the Item the Value.

I invented the FrequencyDictionary while writing a pisg-like IRC log file statistics generator program. It works well for word frequency analysis. After some pre-processing/cleaning of the text log file, I parse each line by spaces to get an array of words. I then use FrequencyDictionary.AddRange to add the words to my dictionary.

The FrequencyDictionary is essentially a normal Dictionary (with T being type String in this case), however when you attempt to add a key that already exists, it simply increments the Value integer. After processing the file, you essentially have a Dictionary where the Key is a word that was found in the source text, and the Value is the number of occurrences of that word in the source text.

Taking the idea even further, I created complementary Dictionary that essentially a sorted version of FrequencyDictionary with the Key/Values reversed. I call it a RankingDictionary because the Keys represent the number of occurrences of a word, with the Values being a List of words that occurred that many times in the source text. Its called a RankingDictionary because I was using it to produce a top 10 ranking of most popular words, most popular nicks, ect.

The FrequencyDictionary has a GetRankingDictionary() method in it to make the whole thing very easy to use. Typically I don't use the FrequencyDictionary too extensively, but rather as a means to get a RankingDictionary, which I base the majority of my IRC statistics logic on. The RankingDictionary also proved very useful for finding Naked Candidates and Hidden Pairs or Triples in my Sudoku solver application that I will be releasing on Windows, Windows Phone and will be blogging about shortly. Hell, I was even thinking about releasing the source code to my Sudoku App, since its so elegant and a great example of beautiful, readable code to a complex problem.

Anyways, the code for the Frequency and Ranking Dictionary is heavily commented with XML Documentation Comments, so I'm going to go ahead and let the code speak for itself. I will add usage examples later. In fact, I will probably release the pisg-like IRC Stats Prog source code since I don't think I'm going to go any farther with it.

Limitations: I ran into problems trying to parse large text files approaching 3-4 megabytes. Besides taking up a bunch of memory, the Dictionary begins to encounter many hash collisions once the size of the collection gets large enough. This completely kills performance, and eventually most the time is spent trying to resolve collisions, so it grinds to a near halt. You might notice the constructor public FrequencyDictionary(int Capacity), where you can specify a maximum capacity for the Dictionary. A good, safe ceiling is about 10,000. A better implementation of the GetHash() method might be in order, but is not a problem I have felt like solving yet.

/// <summary>
/// A keyed collection of Item/Frequency pairs, (keyed off Item).
/// If a duplicate Item is added to the Dictionary, the Frequency for that Item is incremented.
/// </summary>
public class FrequencyDictionary<ITM>
{
  // The underlying Dictionary
  private Dictionary<ITM, int> _dictionary;
  
  /// <summary>
  /// Initializes a new instance of the FrequencyDictionary that is empty.
  /// </summary>
  public FrequencyDictionary() { _dictionary = new Dictionary<ITM, int>(); }
  
  /// <summary>
  /// Initializes a new instance of the FrequencyDictionary that has a maximum Capacity limit.
  /// </summary>
  public FrequencyDictionary(int Capacity) { _dictionary = new Dictionary<ITM, int>(); }
  
  /// <summary>
  /// Gets a collection containing the Items in the FrequencyDictionary.
  /// </summary>
  public IEnumerable<ITM> ItemCollection { get { return this._dictionary.Keys; } }
  
  /// <summary>
  /// Gets a collection containing the Frequencies in the FrequencyDictionary.
  /// </summary>
  public IEnumerable<int> FrequencyCollection { get { return this._dictionary.Values;} }
  
  /// <summary>
  /// Adds the specified Item to the FrequencyDictionary.
  /// </summary>
  public void Add(ITM Item)
  {
    if  ( this._dictionary.ContainsKey(Item))   { this._dictionary[Item]++; }
    else    { this._dictionary.Add(Item,1); }
  }
  
  /// <summary>
  /// Adds the elements of the specified array to the FrequencyDictionary.
  /// </summary>
  public void AddRange(ITM[] Items)
  {
    foreach(ITM item in Items) { this.Add(item); }
  }
  
  /// <summary>
  /// Gets the Item that occurs most frequently.
  /// </summary>
  /// <returns>A KeyValuePair containing the Item (key) and how many times it has appeard (value).</returns>
  public KeyValuePair<ITM,int> GetMostFrequent()
  {
    int maxValue = this._dictionary.Values.Max();
    return this._dictionary.Where(kvp => kvp.Value == maxValue).FirstOrDefault();
  }
  
  /// <summary>
  /// Gets the number of Item/Frequency pairs contained in the FrequencyDictionary.
  /// </summary>
  public int Count { get { return this._dictionary.Count; } }
  
  /// <summary>
  /// Returns an enumerator that iterates through the FrequencyDictionary.
  /// </summary>
  public IEnumerator<KeyValuePair<ITM,int>> GetEnumerator()
  {
    return this._dictionary.GetEnumerator();
  }
  
  /// <summary>
  /// Gets the Frequency (occurrences) associated with the specified Item.
  /// </summary>
  public int this[ITM Item]
  {
    get { if (this._dictionary.ContainsKey(Item)) { return this._dictionary[Item]; } return 0; }
  }
  
  /// <summary>
  /// Creates a RankingDictionary from the current FrequencyDictionary.
  /// </summary>
  /// <returns>A RankingDictionary of Frequency/ItemCollection pairs ordered by Frequency.</returns>
  public RankingDictionary<ITM> GetRankingDictionary()
  {
    RankingDictionary<ITM> result = new RankingDictionary<ITM>();
    foreach(KeyValuePair<ITM,int> kvp in _dictionary)
    {
      result.Add(kvp.Value,kvp.Key);
    }
    return result;
  }
  
  /// <summary>
  /// Displays usage information for FrequencyDictionary 
  /// </summary>
  public override string ToString()
  {
    return "FrequencyDictionary<Item, Frequency> : Key=\"Item=\", Value=\"Frequency\"\".";
  }
}

And now the RankingDictionary:

/// <summary>
/// A keyed collection of Frequency/ItemCollection pairs that is ordered by Frequency (rank).
/// If an Item is added that has the same Frequency as another Item, that Item is added to the Item collection for that Frequency.
/// </summary>
public class RankingDictionary<ITM>
{
  // Underlying dictionary
  SortedDictionary<int,List<ITM>> _dictionary;
  
  /// <summary>
  /// Initializes a new instance of the FrequencyDictionary that is empty.
  /// </summary>
  public RankingDictionary() { _dictionary = new SortedDictionary<int,List<ITM>>(new FrequencyComparer()); }
  
  /// <summary>
  /// The Comparer used to compare Frequencies.
  /// </summary>
  public class FrequencyComparer : IComparer<int>
  {
    public int Compare(int one,int two) { if(one == two) return 0; else if(one > two) return -1; else return 1; }
  }
  
  /// <summary>
  /// Gets a collection containing the Frequencies in the RankingDictionary.
  /// </summary>
  public IEnumerable<int> FrequencyCollection { get { return this._dictionary.Keys; } }
  
  /// <summary>
  /// Gets a collection containing the ItemCollection in the RankingDictionary.
  /// </summary>
  public IEnumerable<List<ITM>> ItemCollections   { get { return this._dictionary.Values; } }
  
  /// <summary>
  /// Adds the specified Frequency and Item to the RankingDictionary.
  /// </summary>
  public void Add(int Frequency, ITM Item)
  {
    List<ITM> itemCollection = new List<ITM>();
    itemCollection.Add(Item);
    // If the specified Key is not found, a set operation creates a new element with the specified Key
    this._dictionary[Frequency] = itemCollection;
  }
  
  /// <summary>
  ///  Gets the number of Frequency/ItemCollection pairs contained in the RankingDictionary.
  /// </summary>
  public int Count { get { return this._dictionary.Count; } }
  
  /// <summary>
  /// Returns an enumerator that iterates through the RankingDictionary.
  /// </summary>
  public IEnumerator<KeyValuePair<int,List<ITM>>> GetEnumerator()
  {
    return this._dictionary.GetEnumerator();
  }
  
  /// <summary>
  /// Gets the ItemCollection associated with the specified Frequency.
  /// </summary>
  public List<ITM> this[int Frequency]
  {
    get
    {
      List<ITM> itemCollection;
      if (this._dictionary.TryGetValue(Frequency,out itemCollection)) return itemCollection;
      else return new List<ITM>();
    }
  }
  
  /// <summary>
  /// Displays usage information for RankingDictionary 
  /// </summary>
  public override string ToString()
  {
    return "RankingDictionary<Frequency, List<Item>> : Key=\"Frequency\", Value=\"List<Item>\".";
  }
}

Usage examples will be posted later.

Create C# Class Code From a DataTable using CodeDOM

Note by author:

   Since writing this, I have expanded on this idea quite a bit. I have written a lightweight ORM class library that I call EntityJustWorks.
   The full project can be found on GitHub or CodePlex.


   EntityJustWorks not only goes from a class to DataTable (below), but also provides:

• Populate the public properties of a class from a DataTable

• DataTable to class as a C# code file (using CodeDOM)

• DataTable to class Assembly (using Reflection.Emit)

• C# class to a SQL 'CREATE TABLE' or 'INSERT INTO' script

• SQL 'SELECT' statement to a List<T> of populated classes, each one resembling a row

Security Warning:

This library generates dynamic SQL, and has functions that generate SQL and then immediately executes it. While it its true that all strings funnel through the function Helper.EscapeSingleQuotes, this can be defeated in various ways and only parameterized SQL should be considered SAFE. If you have no need for them, I recommend stripping semicolons ; and dashes --. Also there are some Unicode characters that can be interpreted as a single quote or may be converted to one when changing encodings. Additionally, there are Unicode characters that can crash .NET code, but mainly controls (think TextBox). You almost certainly should impose a white list: string clean = new string(dirty.Where(c => "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789.,\"_ !@".Contains(c)).ToArray()); 

PLEASE USE the SQLScript.StoredProcedure and DatabaseQuery.StoredProcedure classes to generate SQL for you, as the scripts it produces is parameterized. All of the functions can be altered to generate parameterized instead of sanitized scripts. Ever since people have started using this, I have been maintaining backwards compatibility. However, I may break this in the future, as I do not wish to teach one who is learning dangerous/bad habits. This project is a few years old, and its already showing its age. What is probably needed here is a total re-write, deprecating this version while keep it available for legacy users after slapping big warnings all over the place. This project was designed to generate the SQL scripts for standing up a database for a project, using only MY input as data. This project was never designed to process a USER'S input.! Even if the data isn't coming from an adversary, client/user/manually entered data is notoriously inconsistent. Please do not use this code on any input that did not come from you, without first implementing parameterization. Again, please see the SQLScript.StoredProcedure class for inspiration on how to do that.

So far I have posted several times on the DataTable class. I have shown how to convert a DataTable to CSV or tab-delimited file using the clipboard, how to create a DataTable from a class using reflection, as well as how to populate the public properties of a class from a DataTable using reflection. Continuing along these lines, I decided to bring the DataTable-To-Class wagons around full-circle and introduce a class that will generate the C# code for the class that is used by the DataTableToClass<T> function, so you don't have to create it manually. The only parameter required to generate the C# class code is, of course, a DataTable.

The code below is rather trivial. It uses CodeDOM to build up a class with public properties that match the names and data types of the data columns of the supplied DataTable. I really wanted the output code to use auto properties. This is not supported by CodeDOM, however, so I used a little hack or workaround to accomplish the same thing. I simply added the getter and setter code for the property to the member's field name. CodeDOM adds a semicolon to the end of the CodeMemberField statement, which would cause the code not to compile, so I added two trailing slashes "//" to the end of the field name to comment out the semicolon. The whole point of creating auto properties was to have clean, succinct code, so after I generate the source code file, I clean up the commented-out semicolons by replacing every occurrence with an empty string. The main disadvantage of this 'workaround' is that the code cannot be used to generate a working class in Visual Basic code. I do have proper CodeDOM code that does not employ this workaround, but I prefer the output code to contain auto-properties; auto-generated code is notorious for being messy and hard to read, and I did not want my generated code to feel like generated code.


Below is the DataTableToCode function, its containing class and its supporting functions. The code is short, encapsulated, clean and commented, so I will just let it speak for itself:

public static class DataTableExtensions
{
   public static string DataTableToCode(DataTable Table)
   {
      string className = Table.TableName;
      if(string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(className))
      {   // Default name
         className = "Unnamed";
      }
      className += "TableAsClass";
      
      // Create the class
      CodeTypeDeclaration codeClass = CreateClass(className);
      
      // Add public properties
      foreach(DataColumn column in Table.Columns)
      {
         codeClass.Members.Add( CreateProperty(column.ColumnName, column.DataType) );
      }
      
      // Add Class to Namespace
      string namespaceName = "AutoGeneratedDomainModels";
      CodeNamespace codeNamespace = new CodeNamespace(namespaceName);
      codeNamespace.Types.Add(codeClass);
      
      // Generate code
      string filename = string.Format("{0}.{1}.cs",namespaceName,className);
      CreateCodeFile(filename, codeNamespace);
      
      // Return filename
      return filename;
   }
   
   static CodeTypeDeclaration CreateClass(string name)
   {
      CodeTypeDeclaration result = new CodeTypeDeclaration(name);
      result.Attributes = MemberAttributes.Public;
      result.Members.Add(CreateConstructor(name)); // Add class constructor
      return result;
   }
   
   static CodeConstructor CreateConstructor(string className)
   {
      CodeConstructor result = new CodeConstructor();
      result.Attributes = MemberAttributes.Public;
      result.Name = className;
      return result;
   }
   
   static CodeMemberField CreateProperty(string name, Type type)
   {
      // This is a little hack. Since you cant create auto properties in CodeDOM,
      //  we make the getter and setter part of the member name.
      // This leaves behind a trailing semicolon that we comment out.
      //  Later, we remove the commented out semicolons.
      string memberName = name + "\t{ get; set; }//";
      
      CodeMemberField result = new CodeMemberField(type,memberName);
      result.Attributes = MemberAttributes.Public | MemberAttributes.Final;
      return result;
   }
   
   static void CreateCodeFile(string filename, CodeNamespace codeNamespace)
   {
      // CodeGeneratorOptions so the output is clean and easy to read
      CodeGeneratorOptions codeOptions = new CodeGeneratorOptions();
      codeOptions.BlankLinesBetweenMembers = false;
      codeOptions.VerbatimOrder = true;
      codeOptions.BracingStyle = "C";
      codeOptions.IndentString = "\t";
      
      // Create the code file
      using(TextWriter textWriter = new StreamWriter(filename))
      {
         CSharpCodeProvider codeProvider = new CSharpCodeProvider();
         codeProvider.GenerateCodeFromNamespace(codeNamespace, textWriter, codeOptions);
      }
      
      // Correct our little auto-property 'hack'
      File.WriteAllText(filename, File.ReadAllText(filename).Replace("//;", ""));
   }
}

An example of the resulting code appears below:

namespace AutoGeneratedDomainModels
{
   public class CustomerTableAsClass
   {
      public CustomerTableAsClass()
      {
      }
      public string FirstName   { get; set; }
      public string LastName    { get; set; }
      public int  Age           { get; set; }
      public char Sex           { get; set; }
      public string Address     { get; set; }
      public string Birthdate   { get; set; }
   }
}

I am satisfied with the results and look of the code. The DataTableToCode() function can be a huge time saver if you have a large number of tables you need to write classes for, or if each DataTable contains a large number of columns.

If you found any of this helpful, or have any comments or suggestions, please feel free to post a comment.

Resize form to match the contents of DataGridView

Sometimes the sole purpose of a Form is to display a DataGridView. In that case, you probably want the Form to automatically resize to the size of the contents in the DataGridView. I've seen solutions that loop through all the rows and add up the height, but this is ugly, and usually does not take into account margins, padding, DividerHeight and row header padding. There must be a better way...

My strategy is to temporarily undock the DataGridView, set AutoSize to true, then capture the DataGridView's Size at that point, then restore the Dock and AutoSize property. Then use the captured size to resize the Winform:

// Within the Form class
private void AutoSizeFormToDataGridView()
{
 Size contentsSize = GetDataGridViewContentsSize();
 this.ClientSize = contentsSize;
}

protected Size GetDataGridViewContentsSize()
{
 DockStyle dockStyleSave = dataGridView1.Dock;
 dataGridView1.Dock = DockStyle.None;
 dataGridView1.AutoSize = true;
 
 Size dataContentsSize = dataGridView1.Size;
 
 dataGridView1.AutoSize = false;
 dataGridView1.Dock = dockStyleSave;
 return dataContentsSize;
}

Or alternatively you can define this as an extension method:

public static Size GetContentsSize(this DataGridView dataGrid) { //...

Enjoy!

DataTable or DataGridView to CSV or HTML file using Clipboard

It turns out that DataGridView.GetClipboardContent() returns all the selected cells of a DataGridView as a type DataObject, which is conveniently consumed by the Windows.Forms.Clipboard class, as well as other WYSIWYG editors from Microsoft. From this you can set the Clipboard, then get the clipboard various data formats, including:
- Comma separated value
- Tab separated value
- HTML

So instead of looping though columns and then rows, you can output the entire DataGridView as a CSV file in just 3 lines of code! (4 if you count setting the ClipboardCopyMode, which can be set in the Form Builder.

Here is the code:

void DataGridViewToCSV(string Filename)
{
   bool allowAddRows = dataGridView1.AllowUserToAddRows;
   bool rowHeadersVisible = dataGridView1.RowHeadersVisible;
   dataGridView1.AllowUserToAddRows = false;
   dataGridView1.RowHeadersVisible = false;

   // Choose whether to write header. You will want to do this for a CSV file.
   dataGridView1.ClipboardCopyMode = DataGridViewClipboardCopyMode.EnableAlwaysIncludeHeaderText;
   // Select the cells we want to serialize.
   dataGridView1.SelectAll(); // One could also use DataGridView.Rows[RowIndex].Selected = true;

   // Save the current state of the clipboard so we can restore it after we are done
   IDataObject objectSave = Clipboard.GetDataObject();
   // Copy (set clipboard)
   Clipboard.SetDataObject(dataGridView1.GetClipboardContent());
   // Paste (get the clipboard and serialize it to a file)
   File.WriteAllText(Filename,Clipboard.GetText(TextDataFormat.CommaSeparatedValue));
   // Restore the current state of the clipboard so the effect is seamless
   if(objectSave != null)
   {
      Clipboard.SetDataObject(objectSave);
   }
   dataGridView1.AllowUserToAddRows = allowAddRows;
   dataGridView1.RowHeadersVisible = rowHeadersVisible;
}

Some improvements

For a tab-delimited file, use the TextDataFormat.Text enum in your call to Clipboard.GetText(). You can also output your DataGridView as HTML by using TextDataFormat.Html instead of TextDataFormat.CommaSeparatedValue, but there is extra header data you have to parse out:

   string result = Clipboard.GetText(TextDataFormat.CommaSeparatedValue);
   result = result.Substring( result.IndexOf("") );

Notes:
- An object must be serializable for it to be put on the Clipboard.

Set Public Properties of C# class from a DataTable using reflection

Note by author:

   Since writing this, I have expanded on this idea quite a bit. I have written a lightweight ORM class library that I call EntityJustWorks.
   The full project can be found on GitHub or CodePlex.


   EntityJustWorks not only goes from a class to DataTable (below), but also provides:

• Populate the public properties of a class from a DataTable

• DataTable to class as a C# code file (using CodeDOM)

• DataTable to class Assembly (using Reflection.Emit)

• C# class to a SQL 'CREATE TABLE' or 'INSERT INTO' script

• SQL 'SELECT' statement to a List<T> of populated classes, each one resembling a row

Security Warning:
This library generates dynamic SQL, and has functions that generate SQL and then immediately executes it. While it its true that all strings funnel through the function Helper.EscapeSingleQuotes, this can be defeated in various ways and only parameterized SQL should be considered SAFE. If you have no need for them, I recommend stripping semicolons ; and dashes --. Also there are some Unicode characters that can be interpreted as a single quote or may be converted to one when changing encodings. Additionally, there are Unicode characters that can crash .NET code, but mainly controls (think TextBox). You almost certainly should impose a white list:
string clean = new string(dirty.Where(c => "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789.,\"_ !@".Contains(c)).ToArray());

PLEASE USE the SQLScript.StoredProcedure and DatabaseQuery.StoredProcedure classes to generate SQL for you, as the scripts it produces is parameterized. All of the functions can be altered to generate parameterized instead of sanitized scripts. Ever since people have started using this, I have been maintaining backwards compatibility. However, I may break this in the future, as I do not wish to teach one who is learning dangerous/bad habits. This project is a few years old, and its already showing its age. What is probably needed here is a total re-write, deprecating this version while keep it available for legacy users after slapping big warnings all over the place. This project was designed to generate the SQL scripts for standing up a database for a project, using only MY input as data. This project was never designed to process a USER'S input.! Even if the data isn't coming from an adversary, client/user/manually entered data is notoriously inconsistent. Please do not use this code on any input that did not come from you, without first implementing parameterization. Again, please see the SQLScript.StoredProcedure class for inspiration on how to do that.

In this post I showed how to create a DataTable where the column names and types matched the properties of a class. In this post, we work the opposite direction and start with a Data-First approach. Given an SQL Database, we can easily convert a query to a DataTable using System.Data's SqlDataAdapter.Fill method. Now, given a DataTable, I show you here how to use Reflection to populate a class's public properties from a DataRow in a DataTable (or a List<> of classes, one from each DataRow in the DataTable) where the ColumnName matches the name of the public property in the class exactly (case-sensitive).
If the DataTable has extra columns that don't match up to a property in the class, they are ignored. If the DataTable is missing columns to match a class property, that property is ignored and left at the default value for that type (since it is a property). If you desire the ColumnName/PropertyInfo.Name matching behavior to be case insensitive, simply modify the line that compares the two strings (PropertyInfo.Name and DataColumn.ColumnName) to include a call to String.ToUpper() or String.ToLower() for each name.

If you paying close attention, or have ever attempted this kind of thing before, you are probably thinking to yourself that the most laborious (and error-prone) process is going to be creating the C# classes plus their many auto-properties that have to match the columns of a table, all manually. Well, take solace in the fact that I already thought of this and created a solution to generate C# class object code files from a DataTable using CodeDOM. It even implements a little hack to generate the properties as auto-properties (something not supported by CodeDOM) for clean, compact code that isn't bloated with private backing fields, and full getter/setter implementation.
Ultimately, the goal is to have a full, end-to-end, class-to-DataTable-to-SQL and back-again class library solution. Something like a poor-man's Entity Framework, or minimum-viable ORM. So stay alert for the next piece that will bring these wagons 'round full-circle: Automatic generation of SQL CREATE, INSERT INTO, and UPDATE scripts from a DataTable, which was generated from a C# class object, which can be generated from a DataTable, which can be generated by a SQL Database, which can be... well you get the idea.

This code has been tested and is a a little more robust than some of the equivalent samples I have been finding on StackOverflow (such as being able to handle properties of type Nullable<>. However there probably exists some conditions or use cases that I have not thought of, so please feel free to leave a comment if you find a way I can improve this class or have a feature request. In the next paragraph, I describe what the code is doing, or if you don't care, you can jump straight to the code below it. Enjoy.

How it works: Fist we get a list of PropertyInfo from the class. This will effectively be a list of properties in that class that we will want to fill. PropertyInfo exposes the Name property and the SetValue method, which takes an object and a value as parameters.
    We are going to make three nested loops to do this (one for each DataRow, one for each PropertyInfo and one for each DataColumn) and return a List of classes, each one filled out from a single row in the DataTable. It is possible to fill out one class provided a DataTable and row index in only two nested loops, and this post will provide that example too.
    For each row in DataTable.Rows, we will need to loop through each property (to fill them) and then loop through each DataTable's DataColumn and match the PropertyInfo.Name to the DataColumn.ColumnName. We then call the PropertyInfo's SetValue method. This function will take advantage of generics so that we can pass in any class as a parameter.

Here is the code:

public static class Helper
{
   public static class Table
   {
      /// <summary>
      /// Fills the public properties of a class from the first row of a DataTable
      ///  where the name of the property matches the column name from that DataTable.
      /// </summary>
      /// <param name="Table">A DataTable that contains the data.</param>
      /// <returns>A class of type T with its public properties matching column names
      ///      set to the values from the first row in the DataTable.</returns>
      public static T ToClass<T>(DataTable Table) where T : class, new()
      {
          T result = new T();
          if (Validate(Table))
          {  // Because reflection is slow, we will only pass the first row of the DataTable
              result = FillProperties<T>(Table.Rows[0]);
          }
          return result;
      }
       
      /// <summary>
      /// Fills the public properties of a class from each row of a DataTable where the name of
      /// the property matches the column name in the DataTable, returning a List of T.
      /// </summary>
      /// <param name="Table">A DataTable that contains the data.</param>
      /// <returns>A List class T with each class's public properties matching column names
      ///      set to the values of a diffrent row in the DataTable.</returns>
      public static List<T> ToClassList<T>(DataTable Table) where T: class, new()
      {
          List<T> result = new List<T>();
          
          if (Validate(Table))
          {
              foreach(DataRow row in Table.Rows)
              {
                   result.Add(FillProperties<T>(row));
              }
          }
          return result;
      }
       
      /// <summary>
      /// Fills the public properties of a class from a DataRow where the name
      /// of the property matches a column name from that DataRow.
      /// </summary>
      /// <param name="Row">A DataRow that contains the data.</param>
      /// <returns>A class of type T with its public properties set to the
      ///      data from the matching columns in the DataRow.</returns>
      public static T FillProperties<T>(DataRow Row) where T: class, new()
      {
          T result = new T();
          Type classType = typeof(T);
          
          // Defensive programming, make sure there are properties to set,
          //   and columns to set from and values to set from.
          if(    Row.Table.Columns.Count < 1
              || classType.GetProperties().Length < 1
              || Row.ItemArray.Length < 1)
          {
              return result;
          }
          
          foreach (PropertyInfo property in classType.GetProperties())
          {
              foreach(DataColumn column in Row.Table.Columns)
              {
                  // Skip if Property name and ColumnName do not match
                  if(property.Name != column.ColumnName)
                      continue;
                  // This would throw if we tried to convert it below
                  if(Row[column] == DBNull.Value)
                      continue;
                  
                  object newValue;
                  
                  // If type is of type System.Nullable, do not attempt to convert the value
                  if (IsNullable(property.PropertyType))
                  {
                      newValue = Row[property.Name];
                  }
                  else
                  {   // Convert row object to type of property
                      newValue = Convert.ChangeType(Row[column], property.PropertyType);
                  }
                  
                  // This is what sets the class properties of the class
                  property.SetValue(result, newValue, null);
              }
          }
          return result;
      }
       
      /// <summary>
      /// Checks a DataTable for empty rows, columns or null.
      /// </summary>
      /// <param name="DataTable">The DataTable to check.</param>
      /// <returns>True if DataTable has data, false if empty or null.</returns>
      public static bool Validate(DataTable DataTable)
      {
          if (DataTable == null) return false;
          if (DataTable.Rows.Count == 0) return false;
          if (DataTable.Columns.Count == 0) return false;
          return true;
      }
       
      /// <summary>
      /// Checks if type is nullable, Nullable<T> or its reference is nullable.
      /// </summary>
      /// <param name="type">Type to check for nullable.</param>
      /// <returns>True if type is nullable, false if it is not.</returns>
      public static bool IsNullable(Type type)
      {
          if (!type.IsValueType) return true; // ref-type
          if (Nullable.GetUnderlyingType(type) != null) return true; // Nullable<T>
          return false; // value-type
      }
   }
}